review

first of all, i've been living my life as simple as i could until one day ,i woke up in the hospital with brain trauma, and found out that the only way to cure me is the chinese art and philosophy, well acupunture and herbal medicine. So now i am back into a student life, study the ..sth. that i would never imagined i could, and here I am. Human being are super sophisticated living creature.. came up with all this little details of all things. Super complicated, but anyway, i still give it a try and found out an easier way to help myself through. 

what is atomic orbital?

	-is derived using the mathematical tools of quantum mechanics,
-	is a representation of the three-dimensional volume (i.e., the region in space) in which an electron is most likely to be found, and
-	CANNOT be observed experimentally (electron density can, however, be observed experimentally). -Is a region of space forming by electrons at different level of atomic atmostphere.

It is not possible to determine the exact location of an electron in an atom. However, the probability of finding an electron at a given position can be calculated. The higher the probability of finding an electron at a given position, the larger the electron density at that position.

An atomic orbital is a mathematical function that describes the wave-like behavior of an electron in an atom. This function can be used to calculate the probability of finding any electron of an atom in any specific region around the atom's nucleus. The term may also refer to the physical region defined by the function where the electron is likely to be.Specifically, atomic orbitals are the possible quantum states of an individual electron in the electron cloud around a single atom, as described by the function.

Electron atomic and molecular orbitals. The chart of orbitals (left) is arranged by increasing energy (see Madelung rule). Note that atomic orbits are functions of three variables (two angles, and the distance from the nucleus, r). These images are faithful to the angular component of the orbital, but not entirely representative of the orbital as a whole.

The term "orbital" was coined by Robert Mulliken in 1932. However, the idea that electrons might revolve around a compact nucleus in an orbit-like path was convincingly argued at least 19 years earlier by Niels Bohr, and perhaps the most iconic image of the atom, with electrons orbiting a nucleus along three symmetric directions, was drawn in 1904 by Japanese physicist Hantaro Nagaoka. Explaining the behavior of these electron "orbits" was one of the driving forces behind the development of quantum mechanics.

Atomic orbitals are typically described as hydrogen-like wave functions over space, indexed by the n, l, and mquantum numbers or by the names used in electron configurations, as shown on the right. Despite the obvious analogy to planets revolving around the Sun, electrons cannot be described as solid particles and so atomic orbitals rarely, if ever, resemble a planet's elliptical path. A more accurate analogy might be that of a large and often oddly-shaped atmosphere (the electron), distributed around a relatively tiny planet (the atomic nucleus). Because of the difference from classical mechanical orbits, the term "orbit" for electrons in atoms, has been replaced with the term orbital. The orbital names (s, p, d, f) are derived from the characteristics of their spectroscopic lines: sharp, principal, diffuse, and fundamental, the rest being named in alphabetical order.